The grinding media alloys consisted of forged and cast steel (carbon content from 0.61% to 0.79%, as well as so-called nickel hard and high chromium steels (discussed in more detail in Section 3). Electrochemical measurements showed variations in corrosion rates for these alloys between 9.8 MPY 2 for medium-carbon steels and 0.14 MPY for white ...

slurries are either cast or weld overlayed with wear resistant materials. High chromium white iron, in the form of castings and weld overlays, is one of the alloys used to improved wear resistance and equipment longevity. High chromium white irons are ferrous based with the main alloying additions being 11-35 wt% chromium and 1.8-7.5

The main materials that are commercially used for grinding bodies are steel and high-chromium white cast iron. The major commercially used steel for balls is the low alloy high carbon steel. High carbon steels (0.6-1.4% C) are the hardest, strongest, and least ductile among all types of steel.

of white cast iron: The proposal of a novel process. Mater Sci Eng A 618: 96-103. 9. Gasan H, Erturk F (2013) Effects of a destabilization heat treatment on the microstructure and abrasive wear behavior of high-chromium white cast iron investigated using different characterization techniques. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 44: 4993 ...

The causes of and remedies for defects in hard chromium deposits are explored in the first of this two-part P&SF article from 1984. Photomicrographs and SEM (scanning electron microscope) photo­graphs will illustrate that most defects in various hard chromium deposits arise from defects in the basis metal. These defects may be in the original metal surface or may be caused by preplate finishing.

The high-chromium white cast iron (HCWCI) alloys were among the alloys researched for this application. The knowledge acquired from the grinding ball media research has now been extended to mill liners, which have traditionally been made of manganese-, chromium- and chrome-molybdenum steels.

High Silicon Cast Iron. Abstract: High silicon materials are classified as having a silicon content above r14.5% and as a result provide excellent corrosion resistance with good properties and cost savings on the nobles metals such as nickel and chromium. Some examples of the technological characteristics include good castability, due to low ...

Which one of the following is the correct definition of ultimate tensile strength, as derived from the results of a tensile test on a metal specimen: (a) the stress encountered when the stress strain curve transforms from elastic to plastic behavior, (b) the maximum load divided by the final area of the specimen, (c) the maximum load divided by the original area of the specimen, or (d) the ...

Pitting is commonly observed to be associated with anions such as halides and sulfides. More frequently, the corrosion problems encountered with high chromium cast iron grinding media are due to pitting [3]. This type of localized attack could …

Rod mill liners are also generally of alloyed steel or cast iron, and of the wave type, although Nihard step liners may be used with rods up to 4 cm in diameter. Lorain liners are extensively used for coarse grinding in rod and ball mills, and consist of high carbon rolled steel plates held in place by manganese or hard alloy steel lifter bars.

from high chromium white cast iron (HCWCI), that subjected to mechanical wear inside mill due to sever operation conditions, and that causes extra cost for maintenance. This paper deals with the improvement of the mechanical wear resistance for this lining by coat the surface of lining with nano particles of tungsten carbide.

and high abrasion, the more expensive high-Cr white cast irons can be cost effective (Farge and Barclay, 1975). Our previous research (Blickensderfer, et al., 1983) showed that the impact resistance of high-chromium white cast iron is greatly affected by heat treatment. Improvement of grinding media has been a slow process.

1. Which one of the following materials has the lowest modulus elasticity (a)aluminum (b) magnesium (C)iron (d) tungsten (e)steel 2. Which one of the following materials has the highest tensile strength ? ( ) (a)magnesium alloy (b)aluminum alloy (c) cast iron (d) copper alloy (e) steel alloy 3.

A wear and abrasion resistant white iron having a composition as follows: Total Carbon 3.0% to 4.0% Silicon 0.0% to 2.5% Manganese 7.0% to 15.0% Chromium 8.0% to 15.0% Other alloying constituents 0.0% to 5.0% AND HAVING A MICROSTRUCTURE OF PREDOMINANTLY CHUNKY OR NEEDLE CARBIDES IN A MATRIX PREDOMINANTLY AUSTENITIC.

The manual metal mold is widely used in foundries to produce casting chromium grinding media ball, including low, medium and high chrome contents. Balls size from dia30mm to 150mm. This kind of metal mould is easy to operate and investment costs are low. Metal mould adopts the chilling process to get refined microstructure.

Cast iron is a type of ferrous alloy which typically contains carbon in a percentage greater than around (2.14 wt % C). Casting is the only way to produce it, which is why it is called cast iron [1]. In general, much of the cast iron contains carbon (3-4.5 wt % C) in addition to other casting elements [2]. Compared to steel, its ductility is ...

High Chromium White Cast Iron, or High Cr White Iron grades are used in wear applications that require some corrosion resistance. One common application using High Chrome White Iron alloys is in Pump and Valve parts for the Mining industry. The high chromium content offers the corrosion resistance and the fine carbides dispersed throughout ...

A tough, wear- and abrasion-resistant, high chromium, hypereutectic white iron alloy, with a composition by wt.% of >4.0 C, 25-45 Cr, 0-15 Mn, 0-10 Mo, 0-10 Ni, 0-2 B and 0-5 of at least one of Ti, W, Ta, V and Nb, subject to the proviso that Ti + W + Ta + V + Nb = 15 max., the balance, apart from incidental impurities, being Fe. The recommended super-heating range is 20-100oC above the ...

The high-temperature oxidation resistance of as-cast and heat-treated specimens of a high-chromium white cast iron for hot mill work rolls was investigated by gravimetric means under isothermal ...

Our previous research (Blickensderfer, et al., 1983) showed that the impact resistance of high-chromium white cast iron is greatly affected by heat treatment. Improvement of grinding media has been a slow process. Grinding balls can be evaluated by the user by keeping records of ball consumption and ore tonnage.

The initial as-cast microstructure of a high-chromium (2.35% C, 18.23% Cr) white cast iron consisting of primary austenitic dendrites and a eutectic mixture of M7C3 carbides/austenite was ...

12%The detailed deformation mechanism and its microstructural modifications of white cast iron grinding balls used in comminution have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and XRD. De-shaping is the primary mode of ball consumption, and fracture of balls is a relatively uncommon failure mode. Deshaping is the manifestation of …

nealing of white oast iron.. The present study T/as undertaken with a two-fold object in view: Pirst, to make a quantitative study of the effect of chromium•on graphitization rates of white cast ironj and, second, to determine the graphitization rates and microstruct-ure …

MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH CR WHITE CAST IRONS . As-cast austenitic and pearlitic microstructures . High Cr white cast irons are ferrous alloys containing chromium between 12 and 30%. It is well documented that the microstructure of all hypoeutectic high Cr white iron alloys in the as cast condition consists of a network of M 7 C 3

The structure of white cast iron consists of pearlite and ledeburite (Fig. 9), a eutectic of pearlite, converted from austenite, and cementite. Ni-hard alloys (8-9% Cr, 5-6% Ni) have a martensitic matrix with chro-mium carbides. White cast iron has a high compressive strength and alloyed versions have a

View Masimba HIT300.doc from MATH HIT223 at Harare Institute of Technology. Name: MASIMBA CHARUMBIRA Reg number: H180697X Project: HIT 300 Title: Designing of wear resistance cast iron

The usual range of C content for unalloyed or low alloy white cast irons is around 2.2 % to 3.6 %. For high Cr white cast irons, the normal range is from about 2.2 % to the C content of the eutectic composition, which is around 3.5 % for a 15 % Cr cast iron and around 2.7 % for a …

materials, but also from refractory bricks lining the kiln, mineral admixtures or the grinding media (normally high-chromium white cast iron) in the final finishing mills [1]. Chromium is an indelible non-volatile trace element of raw materials (clay, limestone and iron additives in particular) used in cement clinker production [1].

Products. Element brand specialization — the production and supply of spare parts, wear parts and consumables. Element focuses on parts for various types of equipment from leading manufacturers, operating in ore processing and metallurgical industries. Our goal is to help our customers optimize their operating costs, as well as to eliminate ...

The main materials that are commercially used for grinding bodies are steel and high-chromium white cast iron. The major commercially used steel for balls is the low alloy high carbon steel. High carbon steels (0.6–1.4% C) are the hardest, …

5.CONCLUSION. (1) After quenching + tempering grinding ball heat treatment, the high chromium cast iron grinding ball obtained martensite matrix structure, in which a large number of massive and rod-like Secondary Carbides were dispersed, the surface hardness of the grinding ball was about 60HRC, the central hardness was about 56HRC The impact ...

The ball mill is one of the main wearing parts of the ball mill. Cast Iron Alloy grinding ball is one of the most widely used materials. High-chromium, medium-chromium alloy ball because of its high macro-hardness, good wear resistance, no extraordinary heat treatment process and other characteristics, popular power, cement, and other industries.